folk
    the common people of a society or region
    considered as the representatives of a traditional way of life
    & especially as the originators or carriers
        of the customs, beliefs, & arts that make up a distinctive culture
folklore
    the traditional beliefs, myths, tales, & practices of a people
    transmitted orally
folkway
    a practice, custom, or belief
    shared by the members of a group as part of their common culture
folkways change over time
    cultural responses to current conditions
    folkways are NOT genetically transmitted / inherited
    people maintain / seek folkways to establish continuity / roots
five criteria of folklore
    1) oral & transmitted orally or by custom & practice
        told or shown how to
        do what looks & feels right
        use what's on hand
    2) anonymous
        originator unknown
        collabrative effort
    3) exists in variants
        folk artifacts are alike & different
        folktales not repeated exactly, different at each telling
    4) traditional
        goes back in time
        shared throughout culture
    5) tends to be formularized
        structured, patterned
        symmetry means it's formularized
traditional folk society
    simple set of norms
        due to limited range of action or behavior available to members of society
    internalized norms
        in societal context norms are quite well defined
        & tend to be part of person's life style
    integrated norms
        system of norms reflects roles & goals of society
        & tend to be related to person's everyday life & expectations
    immediate & certain sanctions
        in traditional folk or rural society a majority of norms are kept at folkway level
        sanctioning is often carried out by family or other significant others
    when deviance occurs
        seen as only one aspect of an individual's behavior
        person is not defined by group on basis of that behavior alone
culture
    language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, & even material objects
    passed from one generation to next
    acts as blueprint for living
    a way of life that shapes what we do & helps to form our personalities
    culture becomes the lens through which we see world
culture has two major components—material culture & non-material culture
    material culture
        (artifacts / THINGS)
            food / recipes
            buildings / architecture / housing / constructed spaces
            clothing / costume / jewelry
            tools & the technology to use them
                weapons
                utensils / tools
                machines
            hairstyles
            art
            games
    non-material culture (also called symbolic culture)
        components of symbolic culture
            symbol
                - something to which people attach meanings & then use to communicate with others
                - carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
            gestures
                - the way in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
            values
                - the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable,
                  good or bad, beautiful or ugly
            beliefs
                - statements people hold to be true; arise from values
            language
                - a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways
                & can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
            norms
                - expectations or rules of behavior that develop to reflect & enforce values
                - proscriptive—should not do
                - prescriptive—should do
                taboo
                    - a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if violated
            folkways
                - social, traditional & customary ways of living
                traditional behaviour of a people
                norms that are not strictly enforced
                (violation = misdemeanor)
            mores
                - norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values
                (violation = felony)
            sanctions
                - an expression of approval or disapproval given for upholding or violating norms
                    negative sanction
                        - an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm
                        ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown
                        to severe formal reactions such as a prison sentence, banishment, or death
                    positive sanction
                        - a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize
        social culture (sociofacts / ACTIONS)
            a group's ways of doing
                its common patterns of behavior
                including language & other forms of interaction
            kinesics (body language)
            social organization
                family
                group / clan
                village
                gender roles
            customs & traditions
                rituals
                    weddings
                    funerals
                        epitaphs
                    rites of passage
                        birth
                holidays / festivals / celebrations
                courtship
            foodways
                foodstuffs
                recipe
                foodlore
                table manners
            folk medicine
            music
            dance
            pranks & practical jokes
            folk games
            religion
                rituals
                superstitions
        verbal / oral (mentifacts / WORDS)
            a group's ways of thinking
                its beliefs, values, & other assumptions about the world
            history
                folk memory recollection of past persisting among a people
                memorates
                    anecdote
                    stories of personal experiences
            stories
                tales
                    fantastic
                    told at night
                    pleasurable, good ending
                    set things right
                    this is NOT REAL, BUT TRUE
                    names of characters are generic or descriptive
                fabulates
                    friend-of-a-friend stories
                    things that happened elsewhere
            legends
                true
                told any time
                report bad things; bad ending
                material claimed to be true
                religious legends
                supernatural legends
                    ghost
                historical legends
            epic poetry
            rhymes & folk poetry
                nursery rhymes
                counting-out
                jump rope
                rhymed insults, taunts, jeers
                peddler's cries
                planting rhymes
            ballads
            laments
            lyric songs
                parodies
                lullabies
                    sadistic nature of
                    real aggressive intent raising & caring for child is stressful
                    attempts to "rebirth" a sickly infant
                    protection—saying the opposite to keep evil away
                    protection in dangerous period of passage from day to night
            riddles & other verbal puzzles
            humor
                jokes
            toasts
            whistles, hollers, calls & yodels
            religion
                myths
                    high level
                    creation stories
                    etiological (origins of) stories
                folk beliefs (superstitions)
            poverbs / traditional sayings
            cuses & maledictions
additional terms
    ideal culture
        - ideal values & norms of a people
        - goals held out for them
    real culture
        - norms & values that people actually follow (as opposed to ideal culture)
    culture shock
        - disorientation that people experience when they come into contact with
           a fundamentally different culture
    ethnocentrism
        - using one's own culture as yardstick to judge other individuals or societies
    cultural relativism
        - trying to understand a different culture on its own terms
    subcultures & countercultures
        subculture
            - values & related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from larger culture
            - a world within a world.
        counterculture
            - a group whose values, beliefs, & related behavior places it in opposition to broader culture
            - ethnic or "racial" based
            - occupation based
            - religion based
  
Introduction to Sociology -
    http://www.gdn.edu/Faculty/vmerlini/Intro-to-Soc-Chapter2-Summary.htm